Two years after the start of the Israeli war on Gaza following the October 7 attack, a new academic report reveals that the United States provided its ally, Tel Aviv, with at least $21.7 billion in military assistance under the administrations of Presidents Joe Biden and Donald Trump.

According to a report published by the Costs of War Project at Brown University’s Watson Institute for International and Public Affairs, the U.S. has spent nearly $10 billion more on broader security assistance and operations across the Middle East during the past two years, as reported by the Associated Press.

While both studies rely primarily on open-source materials, they offer some of the most comprehensive calculations of U.S. military aid to Israel, Washington's close ally, and the estimated costs of direct U.S. military intervention in the wider Middle East. The U.S. State Department and the White House have declined to comment on the full extent of military aid provided to Israel since October 2023.

The studies, released as President Trump pushes to end the war in Gaza and as indirect talks between Hamas and Israel advance in Egypt, assert that Israel could not have sustained its military campaign in Gaza without U.S. assistance. They indicate that tens of billions of future funding are expected to flow to Israel under various bilateral agreements.

The primary study detailed that the U.S. provided $17.9 billion in the first year of the war, primarily under President Biden, and $3.8 billion in the second year, noting that while some aid has been delivered, the remainder is slated for delivery in the coming years.

The Costs of War Project report estimated U.S. spending on broader Middle East activities, such as strikes against the Houthis in Yemen and Iranian nuclear facilities. It estimated these costs range between $9.65 billion and $12 billion since October 7, 2023. This includes an estimated $1 billion to $2.25 billion for attacks on Iran and associated costs incurred last June.

The study on military aid was released in collaboration with the Washington-based Quincy Institute for Responsible Statecraft. The Institute has faced accusations of isolationism and anti-Israel bias from some pro-Israel groups, allegations the institute denies.